20185002(en)/13 - Reflection of Clergymen and Friars about Indigenous Deportations in the Conquest of Paraguay between 1542 and 1575

We present an initial report of recent excavations of a settlement with stone architecture near the city of Mejillones, on the Atacama Desert coast, dated to 5000 cal. BP. Through analysis of its material assemblage, we discuss the strategy of import to
the site of a production geographically extended over different environments on the littoral and the desert. This, together with
collective labor and the presence of human interments underneath the floors of the enclosures, could account for a settlement
pattern with stable residential camps. We discuss this

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This paper presents the results of isotopic analysis of prehistoric diet in the Arica region. Using δ13C and δ15N values obtained from human collagen we evaluate changes in dietary patterns from the early agricultural period (Formative 3500-1500 BP) through to Inka occupation (Late period 550-400 BP). In particular, we examine the impact of maize consumption in the area during periods of major social interaction with the political centres of the Andean highlands. Our results show the continuation of broadspectrum and marine resource use, rather than a shift to maize-reliance during prehistory. In addition, we compare and contrast our data with previously published work from other Andean regions. We demonstrate biogeographical variation in resource use, probably influenced by the political centres of Wari, Tiwanaku and later the Inka Empire. Contrastingly, results from incremental isotopic analysis of dentine collagen from the Arica infant populations indicate that maize was an important resource for infantweaning, and comprises a more obvious portion of childhood diet than that of adults.

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This article presents the results of contextual research and archaeological experimentation carried out in relation to the social and ritual role played by the manufacture of copper ore objects (beads, pendants and plaques, mainly), and their various
contexts of use in the Atacama salt flat for the Middle Horizon (ca. 400-1000 AD). Our analysis - focused on the comprehensive observation of the elements that made up the burial offerings of Quitor 6 cemetery in San Pedro de Atacama - throws light
on the renewed importance gained by this industry during the Middle Horizon. At the same time, it reveals hitherto unknown details about the specialization and differential distribution of lapidary manufacture within the Atacamenian society. Through the application of archaeological experimentation, the original function of a wooden artifact has been established, which turns out to be the base or support used specifically for the drilling of beads. New information is also presented about certain funerary ritual gestures associated with copper ore, data that reinforce the special bond that existed for thousands of years between the mineral, the Atacamenian communities (ayllus) and the objects offered to their ancestors or deities. We consider that this set of evidence strongly suggests that the population buried in Quitor 6 cemetery could correspond to a group specialized in copper ore lapidary manufacture.

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During the Middle period (400-1000 AD), metal objects increased significantly in the cemeteries of San Pedro de Atacama, suggesting the centrality of metals in the structuring of relations between local leaders and Tiwanaku. This paper presents
the metal objects that circulated in the Atacamenian space during this period through their typological identification, the determination of the alloys in which they were manufactured and their productive evidence. From these results, we discuss the presence of a local metallurgical production and its coexistence with other technological traditions in the South Central Andes. We conclude by evaluating aspects of the social production and use of metals during the Middle Horizon in San Pedro de Atacama.

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